The spectrophotometry of the sun and sky in the atmosphere research in means of CE-318 device

W pracy przedstawiono ogólną budowę i zasadę działania spektrofotometru CE-318, jednego z najbardziej rozpowszechnionych przyrządów optycznych wykorzystywanych w baniach atmosfery. Zaprezentowano ideę pomiarów optycznych własności atmosfery i sposób ich realizacji urządzeniem CE-318. Prezentacja zalet, wad oraz oczekiwań związanych z najnowszą wersją spektrofotometru ma na celu inspirację rodzimych producentów do konstrukcji podobnych urządzeń.In the paper there is presented general construction and how the spectrophotometer CE-318 works. It is one of the most common of optical devices used in the atmosphere research. The general way of optical measurement is presented in means of CE-318 device. Presentation of advantages, disadvantaged and expectations from the newest version of the spectrophotometer has got for the purpose inspiration of home manufacturers for building similar devices

Detection of volcanic dusts by the lidar of Polish Polar Station Hornsund

W pracy omówiono, wraz z przedstawieniem zasady działania, nowe urządzenie do badania atmosfery w Stacji Polarnej w Hornsundzie – lidar aerozolowy. Przedstawiono 3 przypadki obserwacji podwyż-szonych koncentracji aerozolu atmosferycznego. Dwa zdarzenia jednoznacznie powiązano z erupcjami wulka-nicznymi na Islandii: 2010 Eyjafjallajökull i 2011 Grimsvötn. Posiłkowano się przy tym wynikami obliczeń trajektorii wstecznych napływu mas powietrza w rejon Hornsundu, otrzymanymi z modelu HYSPLIT. Trzeci przypadek, ze względu na dystans i opóźnienie czasu obserwacji w stosunku do erupcji, może być tylko zasugerowany jako pył wulkaniczny Saryczewa (2009) z Wysp Kurylskich. Przedstawiono możliwości lidaru i jego potencjalne zastoso-wanie do doświadczalnej weryfikacji modeli transportu mas powietrza.The paper presents principles of operation of the new device for atmospheric monitoring at Polar Station Hornsund – aerosol lidar. There are 3 case studies of higher aerosol episodes. Two of them were clearly linked as eruptions on Iceland i.e.: 2010 EyjafjallajökulI and 2011 Grimsvötn. Results were support by backward trajectories simulation of air masses inflow to Hornsund area by HYSPLIT model. The third case, in respect to far distance and long time separation between the observation and the eruption, can be only supposed as volcanic dust of Sarychev Peak (2009) from Kuril Islands. There are presented capabilities of the lidar and its potential application for experimental verification of air masses transport models

LIDAR investigation of properties of atmospheric aerosol

In the paper application of lidars for investigation of aerosol particle size distribution and for observation of aerosol consisting of solid state particles is presented. For size distribution the multiwavelength lidar and original method of data analysis was applied. For registration of dust transported to Central Europe from Sahara and Middle East deserts analysis of depolarization of the backscattered signals was used. In order to solve the lidar equation measurements of total atmospheric optical depth by means of Microtops sun photometer was done. Mean size and the aspect ratio of dust particles were determined by comparing of lidar observations with data from T-matrix calculations

Megaphylogeny resolves global patterns of mushroom evolution

Mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) have the greatest morphological diversity and complexity of any group of fungi. They have radiated into most niches and fulfil diverse roles in the ecosystem, including wood decomposers, pathogens or mycorrhizal mutualists. Despite the importance of mushroom-forming fungi, large-scale patterns of their evolutionary history are poorly known, in part due to the lack of a comprehensive and dated molecular phylogeny. Here, using multigene and genome-based data, we assemble a 5,284-species phylogenetic tree and infer ages and broad patterns of speciation/extinction and morphological innovation in mushroom-forming fungi. Agaricomycetes started a rapid class-wide radiation in the Jurassic, coinciding with the spread of (sub)tropical coniferous forests and a warming climate. A possible mass extinction, several clade-specific adaptive radiations and morphological diversification of fruiting bodies followed during the Cretaceous and the Paleogene, convergently giving rise to the classic toadstool morphology, with a cap, stalk and gills (pileate-stipitate morphology). This morphology is associated with increased rates of lineage diversification, suggesting it represents a key innovation in the evolution of mushroom-forming fungi. The increase in mushroom diversity started during the Mesozoic-Cenozoic radiation event, an era of humid climate when terrestrial communities dominated by gymnosperms and reptiles were also expanding

Input files and the results of the molecular clock analysis (PhyloBayes & FastDate) of the 5,284 taxa data set

There are three sub-directories: PhyloBayes_input, PhyloBayes_output and FastDate_analysis. The whole analysis started with PhyloBayes. The PhyloBayes input files are the following. fb_align_*.phy: 10 alignments, containing 543 taxa after randomly deleted the ~90% of the tips from the 5284taxa dataset. fb_calib_*.cal: 10 files, containing species pairs which define the constrains on the MRCA. fb_tree_*.tre: 10 phylogenies, containing 543 taxa after randomly deleted the ~90% of the tips from the 5284taxa dataset. PhyloBayes analyses were run using the 10% subsampled dataset, a birth-death prior on divergence times, an uncorrelated gamma multiplier relaxed clock model and a CAT-poisson substitution model with a gamma distribution on the rate across sites. A uniformly distributed prior was applied to fossil calibration times. All analyses were run until convergence, typically 15,000 cycles. Convergence of chains was assessed by visually inspecting the likelihood values of the trees and the tree height parameter. We sampled every tree from the posterior and after discarding the first 7,000 samples as burn-in we summarized the posterior estimates using the readdiv function of PhyloBayes. The results can be found in the PhyloBayes_output directory. The directory FastDate_anaysis contains the input files. calib_final_tree_*_.cal: 10 files, containing species pairs which define the constrains on the MRCA. FastDate was run on the complete trees (5,284 species) with the node ages constrained to the values of the 95% highest posterior densities of the ages inferred by PhyloBayes. tree_original_*.tree2: 10 phylogenies, containing 5284 taxa. These trees came from the 5284taxa ML analysis. FastDate analyses were run with time discretized into 1,000 intervals and the ratio of sampled extant individuals set to 0.14. The output files are the followings. fastdate_kronogram_*.tree: 10 chronograms inferred by FastDate analysis. transform_to_ultrametric_script.R: An R script which transforms trees to ultrametric. Because rounding issues, a negligible length was added to some of the tips to achieve ultrametric trees. fastdate_kronogram_*.tree2: 10 chronograms used in further analysis